Indicadores climáticos: científicos monitorean 18 marcadores globales del cambio ambiental.
Varios factores ambientales clave guían un esfuerzo continuo para comprender los cambios globales en el clima.
Se realiza un seguimiento como parte de una evaluación sostenida del estado del clima que respalda el estudio científico, muestra riesgos y vulnerabilidades y establece prioridades futuras.
Diecisiete indicadores del cambio global, también llamados «indicadores climáticos», muestran tendencias a lo largo del tiempo en aspectos clave de la atmósfera, los océanos y las condiciones ambientales de la Tierra.
Ellos sustentan el trabajo de una colaboración de más de una docena de departamentos y agencias federales que contribuyen al conocimiento científico público a través del Programa de Investigación de Cambio Global de los Estados Unidos (USGCRP).
La NOAA y muchas de sus divisiones y afiliadas, incluida la NCEI, la Oficina del Programa Climático (CPO) y el Instituto Cooperativo de Estudios del Sistema Terrestre por Satélite (CISESS), contribuyen al trabajo del USGCRP, que actualiza periódicamente el estado de los diecisiete indicadores climáticos.
Los indicadores climáticos se entrelazan en la Evaluación Nacional del Clima:
1.- Desastres de miles de millones de dólares: el número anual y el tipo de desastres meteorológicos y climáticos en los Estados Unidos que superan los mil millones de dólares en pérdidas directas.
2.- Temporada sin heladas: la cantidad de días sin heladas en un año, una indicación de la duración de la temporada de crecimiento.
4.- Calor extremo: tendencias en eventos de calor extremo de varios días en 50 ciudades importantes de EE. UU.
5.- Días de grado de calefacción y refrigeración: la cantidad de grados en los que la temperatura diaria promedio es más baja o más alta, respectivamente, de 55°C. Los grados-día se utilizan como proxy de la demanda de energía para la calefacción o refrigeración de edificios.
6.- Precipitación intensa: medidas de la cantidad relativa de lluvia anual de eventos de precipitación grandes de un solo día y su cambio a lo largo del tiempo.
7.- Distribución de especies marinas: cambios en la ubicación de peces, mariscos y otras especies marinas a lo largo de la costa debido al calentamiento de las temperaturas del océano.
8.- Inicio de la primavera: cambios en la fecha cada año en que se ha acumulado suficiente calor para iniciar la formación de hojas y la floración en plantas sensibles a la temperatura.
9.- Almacenamiento de carbono terrestre: cambios anuales en el carbono almacenado en materia orgánica viva y muerta por encima y por debajo del suelo.
10.- Temperaturas de la superficie de EE. UU.: cambios anuales observados en la temperatura en los Estados Unidos contiguos.
11.- Índice anual de gases de efecto invernadero: una medida de la capacidad de la atmósfera terrestre para atrapar el calor como resultado de la presencia de gases de efecto invernadero de larga duración.
12.- Balance de masa del glaciar ártico: El cambio acumulativo en el balance de masa (ganancia/pérdida neta de nieve y hielo) de ocho glaciares al norte del Círculo Polar Ártico desde 1945.
13.- Extensión del hielo marino del Ártico: una medida del área del Océano Ártico donde hay al menos algo de hielo marino.
14.- Dióxido de carbono atmosférico: Concentración promedio mensual global de CO2 en la atmósfera medida en 40 sitios alrededor del mundo.
15.- Temperaturas globales de la superficie: el récord anual a largo plazo de temperaturas globales.
16.- Concentraciones de clorofila en el océano: una medida anual de la concentración de clorofila que indica la cantidad de fitoplancton en el océano.
17.- Aumento del nivel del mar: cambios en los niveles medios anuales del mar a nivel mundial debido a la expansión térmica y el derretimiento de las capas de hielo y los glaciares.
18.- Temperaturas de la superficie del mar: muestra las temperaturas medias anuales en los 10 metros superiores del océano.
Con información de Organización de Estados Iberoamericanos para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura.
Somos Extremo Mundial.
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