Científicas son galardonadas con el premio Nobel de Química por su trabajo en el genoma.
La Real Academia Sueca de Ciencias otorgó hace unos días el Premio Nobel de Química 2020 a Emmanuelle Charpentier y Jennifer Doudna por su trabajo en CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats, en español repeticiones palindrómicas cortas agrupadas y regularmente interespaciadas) un método de manipulación y edición del genoma (Conjunto formado por el material genético del ADN de los cromosomas y de las mitocondrias).
Un genoma es el conjunto completo de instrucciones genéticas que determinan cómo se desarrollará un organismo. Con CRISPR, los investigadores pueden cortar el ADN del genoma de un organismo y editar su secuencia.
La tecnología CRISPR es una fuente inagotable de investigación básica y también está cambiando el mundo en el que vivimos. Cada año se publican miles de artículos de investigación sobre sus diversas aplicaciones.
Estos incluyen acelerar la investigación sobre cánceres, enfermedades mentales, trasplantes potenciales de órganos de animales a humanos, mejor producción de alimentos, eliminar los mosquitos portadores de malaria y salvar a los animales de enfermedades.
Charpentier es la directora del Instituto Max Planck de Biología de Infecciones en Berlín, Alemania y Doudna es profesora en la Universidad de California, Berkeley. Ambas tuvieron un papel crucial en la demostración de cómo CRISPR podría usarse en secuencias de ADN de interés.
La tecnología CRISPR está adaptada de un sistema que está naturalmente presente en bacterias y otros organismos unicelulares conocidos como arqueas.
Este sistema natural le da a las bacterias una forma de inmunidad adquirida. Los protege de elementos genéticos extraños (como virus invasores) y les permite recordarlos en caso de que reaparezcan.
Como la mayoría de los avances en la ciencia moderna, el descubrimiento de CRISPR y su aparición como un método clave en la edición del genoma implicó los esfuerzos de muchos investigadores durante varias décadas.
Hoy, CRISPR es la herramienta de edición de genes preferida por miles de investigadores.
Una revolución técnica con infinitas aplicaciones
Los humanos han alterado los genomas de las especies durante miles de años. Inicialmente, esto se hizo a través de enfoques como la cría selectiva.
Sin embargo, la ingeniería genética, la manipulación directa del ADN por parte de los humanos fuera de la reproducción y las mutaciones, solo existe desde la década de 1970.
Los sistemas basados en CRISPR cambiaron fundamentalmente este campo, ya que permiten editar genomas en organismos vivos de forma económica, fácil y con extrema precisión.
CRISPR actualmente está teniendo un gran impacto en la salud. Existen ensayos clínicos sobre su uso para trastornos sanguíneos, para el tratamiento de la causa más común de ceguera infantil hereditaria (amaurosis congénita de Leber) y para la inmunoterapia del cáncer.
CRISPR también tiene un gran potencial en la producción de alimentos. Se puede utilizar para mejorar la calidad del cultivo, el rendimiento, la resistencia a las enfermedades y a los herbicidas.
Utilizado en el ganado, puede conducir a una mejor resistencia a las enfermedades, un mayor bienestar animal y mejores características productivas, es decir, animales que producen más carne, leche o lana de alta calidad.
Sin embargo, persisten varios desafíos para la tecnología. Algunos son técnicos, como el riesgo de modificaciones fuera del objetivo (que ocurren cuando Cas9 corta en ubicaciones no deseadas en el genoma).
Otros problemas son sociales. CRISPR se usó en uno de los experimentos más controvertidos de los últimos años.
El biofísico chino He Jiankui intentó sin éxito utilizar la tecnología para modificar embriones humanos y hacerlos resistentes al VIH (virus de inmunodeficiencia humana). Esto llevó al nacimiento de las gemelas Lulu y Nana.
Necesitamos un debate amplio e inclusivo sobre la regulación de estas tecnologías, especialmente por su potencial y amplitud.
Somos Extremo Mundial.
Con información de The Conversation.
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