Microplásticos: miles de toneladas se arremolinan en la atmósfera.
Los microplásticos pueden viajar por continentes enteros.
Microplásticos: miles de toneladas se arremolinan en la atmósfera.
Millones de pequeñas piezas de plástico se arremolinan en la atmósfera de la Tierra y viajan a través de continentes enteros, según un nuevo estudio. Es probable que este problema ambiental empeore mucho y podría tener efectos graves en la salud humana, dicen los expertos.
Los microplásticos miden menos de 5 milímetros de largo, según la Administración Nacional Oceánica y Atmosférica (NOAA). Estudios previos han demostrado que estas partículas microscópicas se pueden encontrar en el océano, agua embotellada e incluso nuestra caca. Pero hasta ahora, su presencia en la atmósfera se había entendido mal.
El nuevo estudio reveló que miles de toneladas de microplásticos que ya se encuentran en la atmósfera, siendo las carreteras el mayor contribuyente. Un modelo de computadora reveló cómo las partículas se transportan a grandes distancias por todo el mundo. Mostró además que ningún lugar está a salvo de la contaminación.
Los investigadores dijeron que sus hallazgos resaltan que los microplásticos son uno de los problemas ambientales más urgentes de nuestro tiempo.
Los microplásticos tienen la capacidad de alterar casi todos los ecosistemas, sin mencionar la salud humana, dijo la autora principal, Janice Brahney. Estamos empezando apenas a comprender el alcance de la contaminación, ya no se digan las consecuencias.
Entrando en la atmósfera.
Para averiguar cómo se transportan los microplásticos hacia y a través de la atmósfera, Brahney y sus colegas midieron la caída de partículas desde el aire, debido a la gravedad y las lluvias, en sitios en todo el oeste de Estados Unidos durante un período de 14 meses. Con base en sus hallazgos, estimaron que alrededor de 1,000 toneladas de microplásticos se encuentran en la atmósfera del oeste de EE. UU.
El equipo estaba absolutamente conmocionado por los niveles de microplásticos que encontraron, dijo Brahney.
Los investigadores creyeron que las ciudades serían la mayor fuente de contaminación atmosférica por microplásticos. Pero el análisis del plástico mostró que las carreteras eran las principales culpables. Son responsables del 84% de los microplásticos atmosféricos.
El plástico, como el polvo, necesita ingresar a la atmósfera por alguna fuerza física. Las carreteras y, lo que es más importante, los automóviles que circulan por las carreteras, proporcionan la energía mecánica para mover las partículas a la atmósfera.
Otras fuentes incluyen a los océanos con un 11% y el polvo de suelos agrícolas con un 5%, los cuales involucraron fuertes vientos que empujaron partículas al aire. Sin embargo, los investigadores sospechan que estas tres fuentes probablemente contribuirán a diferentes niveles de contaminación en otras partes del mundo.
Microplásticos dando vueltas al planeta.
Utilizando los datos que recopilaron, los investigadores crearon modelos informáticos para descubrir cómo se transportan los microplásticos por el planeta y qué áreas son probablemente puntos críticos.
Los investigadores descubrieron que las partículas de plástico podían permanecer en el aire entre una hora y 6.5 días. Ese límite superior es tiempo suficiente viajar entre continentes, lo que significa que incluso lugares como la Antártida están en riesgo de contaminación a pesar de no tener fuentes directas de plástico.
El futuro no es prometedor.
Es probable que el problema de los microplásticos en la atmósfera empeore más.
El plástico necesita algo de tiempo para descomponerse en los pequeños fragmentos que vemos en la atmósfera, dijo Brahney. Dado que no tenemos medios efectivos para manejar los desechos plásticos, y el problema se está agravando, es posible que más plásticos terminen en nuestro medio ambiente en el futuro y, por lo tanto, en nuestra atmósfera.
Otra importante vía de investigación, es descubrir cómo los plásticos en el aire pueden afectar la salud humana.
Inhalar cualquier partícula puede tener consecuencias negativas para la salud, dijo Brahney. Pero en la actualidad, no sabemos si los plásticos son más o menos dañinos que otros aerosoles naturales.
El estudio aparece en la edición en línea del 12 de abril de la revista Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Con información de Live Science.
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