Cáncer: ¿que tan frecuente era antes de la revolución industrial?
¿Qué tan frecuente era el cáncer antes de la revolución industrial?
Cáncer: ¿era más o menos frecuente antes de la revolución industrial?
La proporción de personas, o prevalencia, con cáncer en la época medieval podría ser mucho mayor de lo estimado con anterioridad. Así concluye un estudio, publicado recientemente por la revista Cancer, realizado por investigadores de la Universidad de Cambridge, y el Hospital de la ciudad de Peterborough, en Reino Unido.
Piers D. Mitchell y sus colaboradores analizaron 143 esqueletos, que se obtuvieron de 6 cementerios cercanos a Cambridge, mediante tomografía computarizada.
A diferencia de las radiografías simples usadas desde 1900 para estudiar los restos óseos, esta técnica permite detectar metástasis que afecten la cavidad interna del hueso. Los sujetos, en su mayoría varones, vivieron entre los siglos XI y XVI. Antes de que el tabaco llegara a Reino Unido o los contaminantes de la revolución industrial afectaran a la población.
Sí había más de lo que se creía.
Según los resultados, cinco de los esqueletos presentaban lesiones compatibles con metástasis óseas. Determinar el tipo de tumor primario que estas personas padecieron es un reto. Sin embargo, de acuerdo con la apariencia de las lesiones, los investigadores postulan que uno de los individuos desarrolló un mieloma múltiple. Mientras que los otros cuatro sufrieron algún tipo de cáncer osteolítico, que ocasiona daños en los huesos, pulmón, riñón y tiroides. Los tumores mamarios se descartaron, ya que ninguno de los restos pertenecía a una mujer.
El hallazgo sitúa la prevalencia del cáncer alrededor del 3.5 por ciento. No obstante, dado que no todas las personas fallecidas a causa de un tumor presentan lesiones en los huesos, los autores estiman que la prevalencia real estaría entre el 9 y el 14 por ciento de la población adulta medieval.
Esta es inferior a los datos actuales de Reino Unido. La proporción de personas con cáncer en el momento de la muerte oscila entre el 40 y el 50 por ciento, pero notablemente superior al 1 por ciento calculado con anterioridad.
Mitchell y su equipo destacan que el pequeño tamaño de la muestra limita las conclusiones de la investigación, pues conlleva un margen de error mayor. Además, sin el testimonio del paciente acerca de los síntomas o la ausencia de pruebas realizadas en vida, resulta difícil descartar otras patologías que también causan lesiones óseas.
El hecho de que todos los sujetos afectados por el cáncer fueran varones, tampoco debe extrapolarse, pues los autores tuvieron acceso a un número limitado de restos femeninos que explicaría este resultado. No obstante, concluyen que trabajos como el suyo pueden ayudar a identificar mutaciones oncogénicas y su evolución.
Con información de Investigación y Ciencia.
Somos Extremo Mundial.
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