Candirú: el pez vampiro que… ¿se mete en los orificios humanos?
¿Es verdad o mito que el pez candirú en el Amazonas se puede colar por los orificios humanos?
Candirú: el pez vampiro que… ¿Se mete en los orificios humanos?
El candirú (Vandellia cirrhosa), también conocido como cañero, pez palillo o pez vampiro, es una especie de bagre parásito de agua dulce de la familia Trichomycteridae originaria de la cuenca del Amazonas.
El uso del nombre candirú a veces difiere entre autores. Candirú se ha utilizado para referirse únicamente a la especie Vandellia cirrhosa, pero a veces a todo el género Vandellia, la subfamilia Vandelliinae, o incluso las dos subfamilias Vandelliinae y Stegophilinae.
Aunque se sabe que algunas especies de candirú crecen hasta un tamaño de 40 centímetros de largo, otras son considerablemente más pequeñas. Tienen el cuerpo traslúcido, por lo que es bastante difícil de detectar en las turbias aguas del Amazonas. Precisamente las especies más pequeñas son conocidas por una supuesta tendencia a invadir la uretra humana. ¿Qué tan cierto es esto?
El candirú es un pez evidentemente pequeño. Los miembros del género Vandellia pueden alcanzar hasta 17 cm de longitud, pero algunos otros pueden crecer hasta alrededor de 40 cm.
¿Dónde vive?
El candirú habita las cuencas del Amazonas y el Orinoco en las tierras bajas de la Amazonia, donde forman parte de la fauna de peces neotropicales. Haciéndole honor a su sobrenombre de pez vampiro, el candirú es hematófago, es decir chupa sangre, por lo que se adhiere a las branquias de peces más grandes.
¿Ataca a los humanos?
Aunque abundan las historias espeluznantes de ataques a humanos, se han verificado muy pocos casos y algunos supuestos comportamientos del pez han sido desacreditados como mito o superstición.
Sin embargo, a pesar de los informes etnológicos que datan de finales del siglo XIX, el primer caso documentado de extracción de un candirú de una uretra humana no ocurrió hasta 1997, e incluso ese incidente ha sido objeto de controversia.
Casos históricos.
El primer informe publicado de un candirú atacando a un humano proviene del biólogo alemán C.F.P. von Martius en 1829. En realidad nunca observó el ataque, sino que los nativos del área le informaron del caso. Incluso le contaron que los hombres se ataban ligaduras alrededor de sus penes mientras iban al río para evitar un ataque.
Otras fuentes también sugieren que otras tribus de la zona usaban diversas formas de cubiertas protectoras para sus genitales mientras se bañaban. Aunque también se cree que estas eran en realidad para evitar las mordeduras de pirañas.
Von Martius también especuló que los peces supuestamente se sintieron atraídos por el «olor» de la orina. Pruebas experimentales posteriores han demostrado que esto es falso, ya que los peces en realidad cazan a simple vista y no tienen absolutamente ninguna atracción por la orina.
Otro informe del naturalista francés Francis de Castelnau en 1855 relata que un pescador le dijo que es peligroso orinar en el río. Según el pescador, el pez «brota del agua y penetra en la uretra ascendiendo a lo largo de la columna del líquido».
El propio Castelnau descartó esta afirmación como ridículamente absurda. A pesar de que la supuesta maniobra del pez para meterse a la uretra desafía las leyes de la física, este sigue siendo uno de los mitos más perseverantes sobre el candirú.
Se cree que esta afirmación se desarrolló a partir de la observación real de que ciertas especies de peces en el Amazonas se acumulan en la superficie cerca del punto donde cae un chorro de orina, después de haber sido atraídas por el ruido y la agitación del agua.
En 1836, Eduard Poeppig documentó una declaración de un médico local quien contó el relato de un testigo presencial de un caso en el que un candirú entró por un orificio humano. Sin embargo, en este caso, el pez se alojaba en la vagina de una mujer nativa, en lugar de en la uretra masculina. Relata que el pescado se extrajo después de la aplicación externa e interna del jugo de una planta de Jagua (Genipa americana).
En 1891, el naturalista Paul Le Cointe ofreció un relato de primera mano igual que el de Lacerda. De la misma manera, implicó que el pez se alojara en el canal vaginal y no en la uretra. Le Cointe quitó el candirú empujándolo hacia adelante para desencajar las espinas, girándolo y sacándolo de cabeza.
Gudger, en 1930, señaló que se reportaron varios casos en los que candirús ingresaron al canal vaginal, pero nunca se documentó un solo caso de que ingresaran al ano. Así que, según Gudger, esto verifica la improbabilidad de que los candirús entren en una uretra masculina, una abertura comparativamente pequeña.
Casos modernos.
Hasta la fecha, solo hay un caso documentado de un candirú que ingresó a la uretra humana, que tuvo lugar en Itacoatiara, Brasil, en 1997. En este incidente, la víctima, un hombre de 23 años afirmó que un candirú «saltó» del agua a su uretra mientras orinaba dentro del río hasta los muslos. La víctima se sometió a una cirugía urológica de dos horas para sacar al pez de su cuerpo
En 1999, el biólogo marino estadounidense Stephen Spotte viajó a Brasil para investigar este incidente en particular en detalle. Spotte no expresó abiertamente ninguna conclusión sobre la veracidad del incidente. Pero, sí comentó varias observaciones que eran sospechosas de acuerdo a lo que le contó el médico que hizo la operación, el Dr. Anoar Samad.
Según Samad, el paciente afirmó que «el pez salió disparado del agua, subió por el chorro de orina y entró en su uretra». Si bien este es el rasgo que más se conoce del candirú, se sabe de manera concluyente que es un mito, ya que es imposible debido a la simple física de fluidos.
La documentación y el espécimen proporcionado indican un pez que tenía 133.5 mm de longitud y una cabeza con un diámetro de 11.5 mm. Esto habría requerido una fuerza significativa para abrir la uretra hasta este punto. El candirú no tiene apéndices u otros medios para lograr esto. Si estuviera saltando fuera del agua como afirmó el paciente, no habría tenido suficiente palanca para abrirse paso hacia adentro.
Samad afirmó que la orina atrajo al pez. Esta creencia se ha mantenido durante siglos, pero se desacreditó en 2001.
Samad afirmó que el candirú había «masticado» a través de la pared ventral de la uretra hasta el escroto del paciente. Spotte comentó que el candirú no posee los dientes correctos o una dentición lo suficientemente fuerte como para haber sido capaz de esto.
Samad afirmó que tuvo que cortar las puntas de agarre del candirú para extraerlo, pero el espécimen provisto tenía todas sus puntas intactas.
El video de la cistoscopia muestra un espacio tubular (supuestamente la uretra del paciente) que contiene el cadáver del pez. Luego lo saca hacia atrás a través de la abertura uretral. Algo que hubiera sido casi imposible con las púas del pez intactas.
Posteriormente, Spotte declaró que incluso si una persona orinara mientras estaba sumergida en un arroyo donde vive el candirú, las probabilidades de que esa persona sea atacada por el pez son iguales a las de «ser alcanzado por un rayo y al mismo tiempo ser comido por un tiburón».
Así que, entonces parece que este pez no tiene en realidad ninguna afición por las uretras humanas, pero es difícil erradicar un mito que se ha contado en todas partes. Desde documentales a episodios de series de TV, hasta foros y páginas de dudosa reputación que dan detalles falsos y espeluznantes como que pone huevos en la vejiga y cosas por el estilo.
De todos modos, cuando pregunten sobre cosas para hacer en el río Amazonas, orinar no debe ser una de ellas. También puede haber pirañas.
Con información de Wikipedia / BBC.
Somos Extremo Mundial.
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