Gran Abuelo: ¿será este el árbol más antiguo del mundo?
Probablemente, este árbol Gran Abuelo que se encuentra en el Parque Nacional Alerce Costero sea el árbol más antiguo del mundo.
Gran Abuelo, quizá el árbol más antiguo del mundo, pudo haber estado en pie durante siglos, cuando ni siquiera había civilizaciones avanzadas en el continente americano.
El antiguo gigante, un alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides) conocido como «Gran Abuelo» que se eleva sobre un barranco en los Andes chilenos, podría tener aproximadamente 5,400 años, según un nuevo modelo de computadora.
Si se logra confirmar este dato, Gran Abuelo tendría casi 600 años más que el actual poseedor oficial del récord del árbol más antiguo del mundo. Se trata de un pino (Pinus longaeva) en California conocido como «Matusalén».
Sin embargo, la edad exacta del alerce todavía es algo controvertida. Esto es porque para confirmarla se requiere analizar los anillos del árbol, un método conocido como dendrocronología. Y esos datos actualmente están incompletos.
Sea cual sea su edad, el árbol está en peligro y necesita ser protegido, dijo Jonathan Barichivich, científico climático y de ecología global en el Laboratorio de Ciencias Ambientales y del Clima en París, e investigador que creó el modelo.
¿Cuántos años tiene Gran Abuelo?
Al principio, se creía que Gran Abuelo, una conífera que se eleva a 60 metros sobre el suelo del bosque neblinoso en el Parque Nacional Alerce Costero en Chile, tenía aproximadamente 3,500 años. Pero los científicos nunca habían analizado su edad sistemáticamente.
Entonces, en 2020, Barichivich y su colega, Antonio Lara, utilizaron una técnica no destructiva para perforar un pequeño núcleo del árbol.
La perforación, sin embargo, no pudo llegar al centro de los 4 m de diámetro del árbol. Lo que significa que muchos de los anillos de crecimiento del árbol no se pudieron contar.
El modelo estimó que Gran Abuelo probablemente tenía alrededor de 5400 años. La edad absoluta que podría tener el árbol era de 6.000 años. Había alrededor de un 80% de posibilidades de que el árbol tuviera más de 5000 años. Todas las simulaciones predijeron que tenía al menos 4100 años.
Pero hay otro factor que sugiere que el árbol es muy antiguo: una ley biológica conocida como equilibrio entre crecimiento y vida útil.
Esta ley sugiere que las especies de crecimiento lento tienden a vivir más tiempo. Y los árboles de alerce crecen increíblemente lento, incluso más lento que otras especies longevas como las secuoyas gigantes o los pinos bristlecone.
Sin embargo, algunos expertos desconfían el usar datos de modelos para estimar la edad de un árbol.
Futuro incierto.
Si bien Gran Abuelo ha sobrevivido durante miles de años, las apuestas por su futuro son inciertas.
El árbol antiguo ha sido rodeado por un camino estrecho que está aplastando sus últimas raíces vivas. Además, los turistas que vienen a ver el árbol cada año causan más daños cuando caminan sobre él.
El cambio climático y la consiguiente sequía de 10 años también han dañado el majestuoso alerce. Un segundo árbol que crece desde lo alto del imponente gigante ahora se está muriendo.
Para proteger a Gran Abuelo de más daños, Barichivich y sus colegas han propuesto colocar una red de malla de 3 m de altura alrededor del árbol para evitar que la gente se acerque demasiado. También recomiendan mover el camino mucho más lejos de las raíces.
Con información de Live Science.
Somos Extremo Mundial.
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