Así secaron a la Ciudad de México, la ciudad sobre un lago.
La ciudad de México ha tenido una relación curiosa con el agua. Una ciudad que se fundó precisamente en un lago y que ahora sufre de escasez del vital líquido.
La historia de la Ciudad de México se remonta al siglo XIV, cuando Tenochtitlán se convirtió en la isla capital del Imperio Mexica. Estaba situado en el lago Texcoco, en las tierras altas del Valle de México.
Las fuertes lluvias estacionales y las inundaciones repentinas eran comunes y podían resultar devastadoras para la agricultura cuando las aguas saladas de Texcoco se mezclaban con el agua dulce de los lagos interconectados.
Por ello, en un nivel más práctico, los mexicas se convirtieron en hábiles ingenieros de gestión del agua.
Su infraestructura hidráulica incluía presas y acueductos que proporcionaban agua dulce para beber. Acequias de riego para la agricultura; y canales, calzadas y puentes para el transporte.
Era una especie de Venecia mesoamericana, donde los canales fluían a través de la ciudad y entre las chinampas que proporcionaban gran parte de los alimentos de la población.
Los mexicas aprendieron a controlar el nivel del agua desviando ríos y manantiales. Talaron bosques y drenaron los lagos para ganar terreno. Pero al hacerlo alteraron inadvertidamente el ciclo del agua. El resultado fue que tanto la erosión como el impacto de las inundaciones comenzaron a aumentar.
Mayores cambios se dieron el valle con la llegada en 1519 de Hernán Cortés y los conquistadores.
Los españoles estaban asombrados por el tamaño y la magnificencia de la ciudad, comparándola favorablemente con las ciudades de Europa. Ansiosos por conquistar el área, en dos años había derrocado la ciudad con ayuda de sus aliados indígenas.
Sin embargo, los españoles, acostumbrados a climas áridos, no supieron apreciar la dinámica del entorno natural. Es un hecho que se pudo haber capitalizado toda esa agua, pero optaron por conquistarla también.
El inicio de todo.
Después de 1521, Tenochtitlán fue arrasada y se construyó sobre las ruinas la Ciudad de México, la capital de la Nueva España.
Si bien los aztecas habían manejado el agua que los rodeaba y los sustentaba, los españoles prestaron poca atención a la cuidadosa coexistencia con el agua que los pueblos del Valle habían cultivado durante generaciones.
Y así se libró una guerra contra el agua de la Ciudad de México.
Esta guerra duró más de 400 años, mientras los españoles y sus descendientes intentaban deshacerse de toda el agua drenando los lagos.
Buscaron infructuosamente desagües, construyeron túneles a través de las montañas que se derrumbaron y cambiaron el curso de los ríos, todo en un intento de secar el valle.
La primera obra de ingeniería cuyo objetivo era desecar la ciudad fue el Tajo de Nochistongo, una salida ideada por Enrico Martínez en el siglo XVII.
Si bien el proyecto funcionó temporalmente, en 1629 el diluvio de San Mateo inundó la ciudad y provocó muertes y grandes pérdidas. Enrico decidió cerrar el canal, pues la corriente de agua dañaría la construcción inconclusa. El resultado fue una de las peores inundaciones de la ciudad.
La obra de ingeniería se implementó totalmente en 1637, después de su fallecimiento.
La expansión de la Ciudad de México continuó y la cercanía con los lagos seguía provocando inundaciones en zonas habitadas.
Durante el gobierno de Maximiliano se buscó una solución. Se construyó el Gran Desagüe del Valle de México y la red de colectores y atarjeas. Sin embargo, no fue sino hasta el Porfiriato que el proyecto se concluyó. La obra se inauguró hasta el 17 de marzo de 1900.
Tampoco el Gran Desagüe fue la solución, ya que las inundaciones continuaron. Además se generaron hundimiento y tolvaderas, consecuencia de la extracción de agua de los mantos acuíferos.
Época moderna.
Los últimos ríos de la Ciudad de México, como el de La Piedad, Consulado, Magdalena, etcétera, terminaron entubados para prevenir inundaciones y construir ejes viales.
Para subsanar la falta de agua en 1951 se inauguró el Sistema Lerma, la primera obra para traer el vital líquido de otras cuencas. Y en 1982 inició la operación del Sistema Cutzamala.
En 1975 se inauguró el Sistema de Drenaje Profundo, el cual descarga aguas negras y pluviales al Río Tula en Hidalgo. Aún así, ninguna obra ha sido suficiente y la ciudad se enfrenta, además de las inundaciones, a hundimientos, y por supuesto, al desabasto de agua.
El gran Valle de México, donde una vez existieron bosques, hoy encontramos tierras de cultivo y pastizales para pastoreo. Donde existieron lagos, encontramos asentamientos humanos construidos sobre lechos de lagos secos.
Con información de Vision / México Desconocido.
Somos Extremo Mundial.
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