Mayas llegaron a tener parques, según análisis de ADN.
Los mayas llegaron a tener parques. Así lo sugiere un estudio de la Universidad de Cincinnati, en el que los investigadores examinaron el ADN de plantas antiguas.
Mayas llegaron a tener parques, según análisis de ADN.
En las profundidades de la selva tropical del norte de Guatemala se encuentra la antigua y compleja ciudad maya de Tikal. En su día fue una bulliciosa metrópolis a la que decenas de miles de personas llamaban hogar. Contaba con calles, plazas, pirámides, templos y casas. Es decir, Tikal estaba bastante edificada. Pero en el centro, alrededor del depósito central de agua, había aparentemente una especie de oasis salvaje.
Parque en Tikal.
En un estudio publicado en la revista Scientific Reports, investigadores de la Universidad de Cincinnati desarrollaron un novedoso sistema para analizar de forma eficiente el ADN de plantas antiguas. Analizaron los sedimentos de los templos y depósitos del palacio de Tikal para investigar más de 30 especies de plantas a lo largo de sus orillas de hace más de 1,000 años.
Casi todo el centro de la ciudad estaba pavimentado. Durante la estación seca hacía mucho calor, dijo David Lentz, paleoetnobotánico y profesor de biología de la Universidad de Cincinnati e investigador principal.
Una gran variedad de plantas.
Los investigadores descubrieron evidencias de una gran variedad de plantas que prosperaban junto a los acuíferos. Esto incluían cortezas de coles, árboles y ramones que se elevaban a 30 metros de altura. Lentz dijo que el ramón es una especie de arbol tropical dominante en Guatemala.
Por qué se encuentra ramón alrededor del embalse es una curiosidad. La respuesta es que dejaron este bosque intacto, dijo Lentz. Tikal tiene un clima muy duro. Es muy difícil sobrevivir cuando no llueve durante cinco meses al año. Este embalse habría sido la fuente de sus vidas. Así que a veces protegían estos lugares no cortando los árboles y conservando una arboleda sagrada.
Entre las docenas de plantas autóctonas de la región, encontraron pruebas de cebolla silvestre, higo, cerezo silvestre y dos tipos de hierbas. Lentz dijo que las semillas de hierba podrían haber sido introducidas en el embalse por las aves acuáticas visitantes. La hierba habría proliferado en los bordes de los embalses durante las estaciones secas y las sequías.
En un principio, los investigadores consideraron si los mayas cultivaron ahí cosechas como el maíz o la calabaza, o si plantaron árboles frutales como los que se encuentran en un embalse similar en la presa mexicana de Purrón. Sin embargo, encontraron pocas pruebas que apoyaran la hipótesis. En cambio, hallaron pruebas que reforzaban otra idea: que los mayas permitían que los terraplenes permanecieran como bosques inalterados. Esto habría ayudado a evitar la erosión y habría proporcionado plantas y frutos medicinales o comestibles.
Un parque maya quizás privado.
Así, Lentz cree que el antiguo bosque intacto, de 50 metros por 50 metros, en medio de la ciudad era una especie de parque. Sin embargo, los investigadores creen que no estaba abierto al público. Creo que sí fueron parques. No sé hasta qué punto habrían sido públicos, dijo Lentz. Esta era una zona sagrada de la ciudad rodeada de templos y palacios. No sé si los plebeyos habrían sido bienvenidos, aseguró.
Por su parte, Nicholas Dunning, coautor del estudio, añade que, que los mayas eran una cultura de la selva con una cosmología que incluía múltiples elementos forestales. Así que el hecho de que haya arboledas sagradas junto al manantial y la piscina en el corazón de la ciudad es un potente símbolo del profundo respeto de esta civilización por la naturaleza y los bosques que la rodeaban.
Los científicos esperan utilizar su método de análisis de ADN para estudiar otros sitios mayas antiguos.
Con información de DW.
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